Since the stage came into being, stage lighting has become an integral part of the stage. Stage lighting focuses on highlighting the four elements of vision, realism, aesthetics and performance. It has undergone many years of evolution. It has gradually developed into a relatively perfect and advanced lighting system today. The first prosperous period of drama appeared in ancient Greece more than 2000 years ago. At that time, the theaters were open or semi-open. The stage lighting depends on the huge "light" in the sky - the sun, so it can only be performed in the daytime. However, the need for rest and entertainment at night, the objective disadvantages of outdoor performances vulnerable to the weather and the development of drama make stage lighting a problem that people must solve.
Whether the lighting design for the performance is successful is marked by whether the stage lighting is properly handled. The stage lighting should not only illuminate the actors and let the audience see their facial expressions, expressions and actions clearly, but also make full use of lighting technology, mobilize lighting operation and other means to strengthen the artistic effect and make the audience feel immersive.
The stage lighting is mainly produced by the combination of computer lights and other lights. It is the comprehensive performance of different modeling scenes, different color changes, different angle of view, horizontal and vertical light angle changes, and speed, stroboscopic speed, aperture size changes, focal length changes, etc. So, we must master these basic knowledge before understanding stage lighting technology:
1、 Visible light
Light is the radiant energy transmitted by electricity in the form of electromagnetic waves. The wavelength range of electromagnetic wave radiation is very wide. Only this part of radiation with a wavelength of 380~760 nm can cause optical vision, which is called visible light. Light with wavelength shorter than 380nm is ultraviolet ray, x-ray γ Rays; The light longer than 760 nm is infrared ray, radio wave, etc. They can not produce light vision to the human eye, that is, they can not see. Therefore, light is an objective energy, and has a close relationship with people's subjective feelings.
2、 Color classification
Color can be divided into two categories: non-color and color. Non-color refers to white, light gray, gray to dark gray, and black, which is called white and black series. Pure white is an ideal object with complete light reflection, and its reflectivity is 1; Pure black is an ideal non-reflective object with a reflectivity of 0. Therefore, the achromatic white and black series represents the change of light reflectivity of the object. We know that the light reflectivity is proportional to the brightness, and the white wall and ceiling in the room can get higher brightness. Color refers to various colors other than white and black series. Color has three characteristics: hue, lightness and saturation, which are called the three elements of color.
Hue is a representation of the color presented. It is also the name of various colors, such as red, green, blue, etc. It is related to the wavelength of light. Brightness (brightness) is the brightness of the color. The lightness of different tones is different, even if the same tone is affected by the nature of the object surface and the intensity of light, it will also produce differences in brightness and depth. If it is also yellow, it can be light yellow, medium yellow, deep yellow, etc.
Saturation (chromaticity) indicates the depth (intensity) of the color, which can also be said to be the purity and brightness of the color. The higher the saturation, the deeper (thicker) the color appears. Various monochromatic light in visible light is the most saturated color. The more white light is added to the spectral color, the less saturated it becomes. For example, the saturation of red light is higher than that of pink light, because the pink light is mixed with white light. Generally speaking, in the same hue, when the brightness changes, the saturation will also change, but the increase or decrease of the brightness will reduce the saturation. Only when the brightness is moderate, the saturation (purity) will be the largest. However, in the impression, it is always felt that colors with greater brightness look brighter.
3、 Three primary colors and color matching methods
Red, green and blue are called three primary colors. These three colors can be mixed in different proportions to produce various colors. There are two basic methods of color mixing: additive mixing and subtractive mixing.
The so-called additive color mixing is a method that when different colors of light are mixed, they add up their respective parts in the spectrum to produce a new mixed color. It shows the fineness relationship of light and color mixing. When the three primary colors of red, green and blue are mixed in equal amounts
Red light+green light=yellow light green light+blue light=blue light
Green light+red light=magenta red light+green light+blue light=white light
If the three primary colors are mixed in different amounts, various intermediate colors can be obtained, such as:
More red light+less green light=orange light
More red light+less blue light=pink light
Subtractive mixing is a method to produce a synthetic color effect by selectively absorbing their corresponding part in the spectrum from the incident light when different colors are mixed. If any two colored lights can produce white light after being added, the two colored lights are called complementary colors (complementary colors). For example, yellow and blue complement each other, green and red complement each other, and magenta and green complement each other. Therefore, yellow, cyan, and magenta are called subtracted blue, subtracted red, and subtracted green, respectively, which means that the three complementary colors are all formed by subtracting a corresponding primary color from white light. Therefore, yellow, cyan and magenta can be called three primary colors of subtractive method.
When the three subtractive primary colors of yellow, magenta and cyan overlap, black will be produced. In the subtractive process, the density changes of the three subtractive primary colors control the absorption ratios of red, green, and blue, respectively, resulting in various mixed colors, which can achieve the same effect as mixing with the additive method.
4、 Color and Vision
Color can give people a sense of warmth, distance, size and weight, and often make people associate with it, thus forming different psychological effects. These are people's long-term visual habits.
Colors can generally be divided into three categories: cold color, warm color and neutral color (intermediate color). The cold and warm colors are divided according to the visual reaction and psychological association caused by various colors. Red makes people think of the heat of fire, thus producing a sense of warmth, which is called warm color. Blue reminds people of cold water and gives them a cold feeling, so it is called cool color. Purple and green are neutral colors that are neither cold nor warm. Different colors can affect the size of an object's appearance. If you put some objects with different colors and the same size together, the light white objects will be large in visual sense. Dark black objects are small. Generally speaking, white objects appear the largest, black objects appear the smallest, yellow objects are larger, followed by green, red, and blue.
People's visual habits of color will also produce a sense of distance. Objects of different colors give different visual perception at the same distance. Warm colors give people the feeling of moving forward, while cool colors show the feeling of moving back and away. Moreover, the sense of distance given by color is also affected by the background color. For example, when white is the background, blue looks closer; With black as the background, red looks the closest, followed by orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Using this feature can help us create a color stereoscopic and distance illusion effect.
The light and heavy sense of color is also a long-term visual habit formed by people. It is generally believed that white is the lightest and black is the heaviest. Among the three primary colors, green is the lightest, blue is the heaviest, and red is the middle. There are two kinds of color formed by equal mixing of primary colors. The light color appears light, and the heavy color appears heavy. The sense of color weight is not only expressed through brightness and purity, but also affected by the size of the area occupied by color in the picture. Large areas appear heavier and attract more attention than small areas of color.
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Basic knowledge and industry development of stage lighting technology
2023-03-17 01:07:15
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